| Amr Moussa عمرو موسى |
|
|---|---|
| Secretary-General of the Arab League | |
| In office 1 June 2001 – 1 June 2011 |
|
| Preceded by | Ahmed Asmat Abdel-Meguid |
| Succeeded by | Nabil el-Araby |
| Minister of Foreign Affairs | |
| In office 20 May 1991 – 15 May 2001 |
|
| Prime Minister | Atef Sedki Kamal Ganzouri Atef Ebeid |
| Preceded by | Ahmed Asmat Abdel-Meguid |
| Succeeded by | Ahmed Maher |
| Egyptian Ambassaor to the United Nations | |
| In office 1 January 1990 – 20 May 1991 |
|
| President | Hosni Mubarak |
| Preceded by | Ahmed Aboul Gheit |
| Succeeded by | Nabil el-Araby |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 3 October 1936 Cairo, Egypt |
| Political party | Independent |
| Alma mater | Cairo University |
| Profession | Diplomat |
| Religion | Sunni Islam |
Amr Mohammed Moussa (Arabic: عمرو محمد موسى, IPA: [ˈʕɑmɾe mæˈħæmːæd ˈmuːsæ]; born 3 October 1936) is an Egyptian politician and diplomat who was the Secretary-General of the Arab League, a 22-member forum representing Arab states, from 1 June 2001 until 1 June 2011. He is a candidate in the 2011 Egyptian presidential election.
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He was born on 3 October 1936 in Cairo, Egypt. He finished his education after earning a degree in law from Cairo University in 1957.
Moussa then began his diplomatic career. Between 1958 and 1972 he worked in several Egyptian missions including Egypt’s Embassy in Switzerland and the Egyptian mission to the United Nations. From 1974 to 1977 he was an advisor to the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Egypt. From 1977 to 1981 and again from 1983 to 1990, he was the Director of the Department of International Organizations at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Egypt. From 1981 to 1983, Moussa was the Deputy Permanent Representative to the United Nations in New York, then from 1983 to 1986 Ambassador to India. In 1990, he was promoted Permanent Representative of Egypt to the United Nations.
He was named Minister of Foreign Affairs by Prime Minister Atef Sedki on 20 May 1991. He was minister until 15 May 2001 when he was elected as Secretary General of Arab League.
On 15 May 2001, Moussa was selected as Secretary General of the League of Arab States and took office on 1 June 2001. Critics of the Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak allege that Moussa's appointment to the Office of Secretary-General of the Arab League was motivated by Mubarak's desire to remove him from the public spotlight.
On 2003, he became a member of the United Nations High Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change for International Peace and Security
On 2009, he signed a memorandum of understanding with the Holy See and met with Pope Benedict XVI in order to strengthen joint projects and to promote peace and dialogue on a cultural and political level.[1]
On 13 June 2010, Moussa visited Gaza in a move to pressure Israel to lift its economic blockade over Hamas-ruled Gaza.[2] The visit by Moussa was the first by an official of the Arab League since the election of Hamas in 2007. Immediately after the Gaza flotilla raid, Moussa said the Arab League would go to the UN Security Council to demand the blockade be lifted. On 15 May 2011, Nabil el-Araby elected as Secretary General of Arab League and succeed Moussa in June 1, 2011.
Moussa has been heavily involved with Egypt's foreign policy since 1958. He has been Egypt's Ambassador to the United Nations, India, and Switzerland for a total of 21 years. Moussa was among the many Arab and international diplomats who tried to resolve the Lebanon War (1975-1990), and for this he is criticized for taking a strong anti-Christian position. After serving as Egypt's Foreign Minister from 1991 to 2001, he served as the Secretary General of the Arab League.[3] Moussa has been an extremely popular political figure in Egypt due to his criticism of Israeli policies towards Gaza and the West Bank.[4] At the Forum for New Diplomacy in February 2010, Moussa gave a speech in which he criticized the U.S. government's double standard supporting Israel's nuclear weapons policy but not allowing Iran to pursue nuclear energy. He also criticized Western countries, including the U.S. for not recognizing the results of the 2006 Palestinian elections that brought Hamas into power.[5] Like El-Baradei and the Muslim Brotherhood, he supports opening the Gaza Strip/Egypt border (Seale, 2010). His criticisms have made Moussa extremely popular. Many political commentators said the Mubarak sent him to work for the Arab League in 2001 so as not to compete as a presidential candidate in the 2005 Presidential elections because of his popularity. Amr Moussa announced that he would be running as a presidential candidate on March 1, 2011.[6]
In 2004 an online community gathered tens of thousands of signatures petitioning for Moussa to run in the 2005 elections, but there was no response. In a Doha Debate Forum televised by the BBC in 2006,[7] Moussa was asked about his Presidential hopes. Moussa merely replied that he hoped to continue the recent run of successes that have occurred under his leadership at the Arab League until the end of his term.
When asked about rumours that he might run for Presidency in 2011, Moussa did not deny his intention to run for office or rule it out, leaving the door open to speculations. He argued that "It's the right of every citizen that has the capacity and efficiency to aspire to any political office that would allow him to contribute to the service of his nation".[8] He further stated to the press that the qualities required to be the President of Egypt also apply to Gamal Mubarak, son of the Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak.[9] He also expressed appreciation "for the confidence expressed by many people when they talk about his candidacy for the presidency and that the message reached him.".[10]
Moussa held talks with Mohamed Elbaradei after his return to Egypt. Many speculate that this meeting was held to discuss Constitutional reforms that will allow transparency in the election process as well as lifting restrictions on independent candidates. On January, 26, 2011 at the Annual Horasis meeting in Zurich, Moussa shared strong views on the need for economic and political reforms in Egypt, and made it clear that he was considering a run. [11] On February 1, 2011, following the announcement by President Hosni Mubarak that he would not stand in the upcoming Presidential elections, Moussa told CNN that he would seriously think about standing himself as a candidate in the next few weeks.[12] On the February 8 broadcast of Al Jazeera English's Empire, well-connected American journalist Seymour Hersh stated that Moussa was considered America's favored "Plan B" should Mubarak resign, "whether he knows it or not." [13] On February 11, 2011 Al Jazeera English Online read from a Reuters report that stated Moussa was resigning from his position with the Arab League; on the day that President Mubarak resigned from the Egyptian presidency this furthered rumours he might make a strong bid for president when elections are announced in Egypt. On February 12, 2011 the Egyptian daily newspaper Alwafd reported that a group of Egyptian youth met with Moussa to discuss a possible nomination for the Egyptian presidential election. Moussa reportedly agreed to the nomination, but stated that he would await the currently proposed constitutional reforms in Egypt.[14]
A poll conducted during the 2011 protests asking "who do you think should be the next President of Egypt?" showed Moussa in the lead, with 26% of respondents naming him.[15]
Although credited with shaking up the Arab League’s bureaucracy,[16] Moussa has been criticized by former and current staff members of the Arab League for his management of the organization. In his book, The League of the Arab States: what’s left of it, former Arab League and Syrian diplomat Kawkab Najib El-Rayess accused Moussa of favoritism and promoting his loyalists into the high ranks of the Arab League at the expense of the more-qualified diplomats.[17]
Amr Moussa has also been described by his close associates as being an alcoholic.
|title= specified when using {{Cite web}}". http://www.horasis.org/Horasis%20Annual%20Meeting%202011%20-%20Report%20.pdf.| Diplomatic posts | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Ahmed Aboul Gheit |
Egyptian Ambassaor to the United Nations 1990–1991 |
Succeeded by Nabil el-Araby |
| Preceded by Ahmed Asmat Abdel-Meguid |
Secretary-General of the Arab League 2001–2011 |
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| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by Ahmed Asmat Abdel-Meguid |
Minister of Foreign Affairs 1991–2001 |
Succeeded by Ahmed Maher |
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